AIDS Em Sao Paulo(POR) :: Free AIDS Essays

AIDS em Sà £o Paulo O Brasil ocupa lugar de destaque entre os paà ­ses com maior nà ºmero de casos conhecidos de AIDS, contabilizando 170.073 casos (atà © 30/08/99), com a epidemia sem evidencias de controle. A AIDS vem infectando principalmente pessoas cada vez mais jovens e pobres. As prà ¡ticas sexuais sà £o as formas de transmissà £o mais importante. Por outro lado, as mulheres và ªm sendo infectadas mais e mais, com uma velocidade de aumento da epidemia superior ao que ocà ºrre entre os homens, sendo que nos à ºltimos anos a relaà §Ãƒ £o entre os casos notificados em homens e mulheres à © de 3 a 1. Um reflexo da epidemia alcanà §a cada vez mais as mulheres, à © a crescente repercussà £o na transmissà £o materno-infantil do HIV. No Estado de Sà £o Paulo, este situaà §Ãƒ £o à © particularmente mais grave, aqui jà ¡ foram notificados 85.590 casos de AIDS (atà © 31/12/99), que à © cerca de 50% dos casos notificados no Brasil. A Cidade de Sà £o Paulo, com uma populaà §Ãƒ £o 30.000.000 habitantes, acumula 39.042 casos notificados (atà © 31/12/99), representando praticamente 25% dos casos do Paà ­s. Aqui, a AIDS, representa a segunda causa de morte entre homens adultos desde 1991 e a primeira causa de morte entre as mulheres da mesma faixa età ¡ria desde 1993. Com 70% da populaà §Ãƒ £o que ganha atà © tres salà ¡rios mà ­nimos e quatro milhà µes de menores abandonados, nà £o à © difà ­cil compreender a suitaà §Ãƒ £o. O crescimiento pode ser justificado por và ¡rias razà µes, tais como: mudanà §as do comportamento sexual; a relaà §Ãƒ £o direta e indireta com as drogas; a epidemia de AIDS; a dificuldade dos portadores de DST no acesso aos servià §os pà ºblicos de saà ºde; entre outras. Esta dificuldade de acesso aos servià §os pà ºblicos de saà ºde à © observada em muitos estudos. Sà £o Paulo, sendo a cidade mais grande do Latin America, da um terrà ­vel prognà ³stico de o que pode ocorrer no resto de continente.

Referent and Expert Power

CNUR 833 Week 9 discussion question Summary Outline: Leadership Read the following chapter : Robbins, S. P. , Coulter, M. & Langton, M. (2009). Management (9th Canadian ed. ). Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall. Chapter 12 Review Week 9 Presentation (Found in Course Materials under Weekly Presentations) Focus on the following elements: 1. How leaders and managers differ. LEADERS †¢ Develop vision and long term objectives, plans strategy and tactics †¢ Exhibits leading Beauvoir. Acts to bring change in others congruent with long term objectives †¢ Innovates for the entire organization †¢ Asks what and why to change standard practice †¢ creates vision and meaning for the organization †¢ uses transformational influence: induces change in values, attitudes, behaviour using personal examples and expertise †¢ uses empowering strategies to make followers internalize values †¢ status quo challenger and change creator MANAGERS engages in day to day care taker activities, maintain and allocate resources †¢ exhibits supervisory behaviour : acts to make others maintain standard job behaviour †¢ administers subsystems within organizations †¢ asks how and when to engage in standard practice †¢ uses transactional influence: induces compliance in manifest behaviour using rewards, sanctions and formal authority †¢ relies on control strategies to get thing done by subordinates †¢ status quo supporter and stabilizer 2. How various theories improve our understanding of leadership? Trait theories- early research unable to find the difference leaders from non- leaders †¢ Later research on the leadership process identified 7 traits associated with successful leadership- drive, the desire to lead, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, intelligence, job-relevant knowledge, and extraversion †¢ Behavioural theories identified 3 leadership styles- 1. autocratic style- centralized authority, low participation 2. democratic style-involvement, high participation, feedback 3. laissez-faire style- hands -off management Leader behaviour Research findings mixed results- †¢ no specific style was consistently better for producing better performance †¢ employees were more satisfied under a democratic leader than an autocratic leader 4. How managers use power and trust to enhance leadership. For manager to lead, manger should have the leadership skill to empower and influence the team or individual to achieve organizational goals by building trust and using power effectively. There are 5 sources of leader power identified: POWER 1. Legitimate power and authority are the same. Leader in position power also likely to have reward and coercive power 2. Coercive power-leaders have the ability to punish or control e. g. employee’s suspension and demotion or assign unpleasant or desirable work to the workers. Followers react to the power out of fear and consequences for not compliance 3. Reward power- give positive benefits and rewards including anything that another person values e. g. money, favourable performance appraisals, promotions, interesting work assignments, friendly colleagues, and preferred work shifts or sales territories. . Expert power- influence based on expertise, special skills, or knowledge. Managers depend on employees’ expert to achieve the organization’s goals due to jobs have become more specialized. 5. Referent power-based on desirable resources or personal traits. Develop out of admiration of another and a desire to be like that person by modelling behaviour and attitudes after the individual DEVELOPING TRUST AND CR EDIBILITY TRUST include 5 dimensions 1. integrity- honesty and truthfulness 2. competence- technical and interpersonal knowledge and skills 3. onsistency- reliability, predictability, and good judgement in handling situation 4. loyalty- willingness to protect a person, physically and emotionally 5. openness- willingness to share ideas and information freely †¢ Honesty is the most important characteristic of admired leader †¢ Credible leaders are competent and inspiring †¢ Able to communicate effectively their confidence and competence and inspiration †¢ Trust and integrity are interrelated and interchangeable Post your views one the 2 discussion questions in the discussion threads. . Describe the differences between a transactional leader and a transformational leader. †¢ Transactional leaders is more of management leadership style by telling what they wanted the employees to do and give clear structure and expectation to their followers what is expected and required to do the job with full responsibility †¢ Reward for success of compliances and effort and punishment for failure to motivate employees to achieve short term goal and not long-term goal by increase their performance or productivity. Followers are expected to do the job as an order whether or not there are resources or capability to do it. Employees obey to do the assignment by negotiating a contract with benefits and incentive. †¢ This leadership style has least interest in changing the working environment and ineffective in promoting job satisfaction. Transformation leadership †¢ Defined as charismatic leaders of change agents who have confidence and belief in themselves by developing vision and putting their passion and energy to take care of their subordinates to success. with clear vision and direction leaders will be able to inspire their followers to buy into it in order achieve their common goal for the organization †¢ Some of the characteristics of transformation leader are enthusiasm, active and good listener, visible, build trust, persistent, keep up the momentum by motivating and rallying their followers, show followers their behaviours and attitudes the way every ones else should behave, commitment, celebrate with success, †¢ This type of leadership enables the leaders to transform organization as they are people oriented and success comes first. Transformational Leaders also tend to see the big picture, but not the details, which could cause failure and also their followers are kept going and may also cause them to give up. References: Robbins, S. P. , Coulter, M. & Langton, M. (2009). Management (9th Canadian ed. ). Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall. Transformation Leadership. Retrieved on 15-3-2010 from http://changingminds. org/disciplines/leadership/styles/transformational_leadership. htm 2. What types of power are available in your current nursing situation? Which types do you use most often and why? The types of powers most often used by nurses are expert power and referent power. This is because nurses have expert power as they possess skill and knowledge; professional specialized in nursing care that is relevant to the job or tasks. Public and patients look up on nurses for quality of care and health knowledge for their expertise. Thus nurses have the power to influence patients as well as team members by exhibiting trust, honesty, credibility, accountability and integrity. Nurses also have referent power being admired by patient, staff and students. Therefore those who admire nurses with referent power will be over power by the nurses and attempt to model behaviour and attitudes after them. This is because the followers believe the leader posses the quality that they would like to possess. Transactional Leadership 72 rate or flag this page By Edi Kurnik [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] [pic]A – Z of Leadership †¢ A – Z of Leadership How To Improve Your Leadership Skills By Using The Same Secrets Great Leaders Like Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Alexander The Great Used To Inspire, Motivate and Persuade Virtually Anyone†¦ Related Hubs Leadership Styles †¢ Quotes on Leadership [pic][pic] [pic][pic][pic]Transactional Leadership Leadership style plays a crucial role in the development of an organization. Transactional leadership is of the leadership style that is often used by many companies. Transactional leadership believes that punishment and reward motivate people. This leadership also assumes that when people agree to do a particular assignment, a part of that agreement is that they give up all authority to their boss. The leader holds control and power over the subordinates. The main goal of the employee is to obey the orders of their managers. The idea is that when a subordinate takes up a job, he or she agrees to obey their manager totally. The ‘transaction' is the money or any other award that the company pays to its subordinates for their compliance and effort. The relationship between the subordinate and the leader becomes transactional. In transactional leadership the leader has the right to punish his or her subordinates if their performance is not according to the predetermined standard. Transactional leadership makes clear that what is equired and expected from their subordinates. It also mentions that subordinates will get award if they follow the orders seriously. Sometimes punishments are not mentioned but they are understood. In the early stages of transactional leadership, subordinate is in the process of negotiating the contract. The contract specifies fixed salary and the benefits that will be given to the subordinate. Rewards are g iven to subordinates for applied effort. Some organization use incentives to encourage their subordinates for greater productivity. Transactional leadership is a way of increasing the performance of its subordinates by giving them rewards. Transactional leadership is also called as ‘true leadership style as it focuses on short term goals instead of long term goals. In Transactional leadership, when the leader assigns work to its subordinates, then it is the responsibility of the subordinate to see that the assigned task is finished on time. If the assigned task is not completed on time or if something then punishment is given for their failure. But if they accomplish the task in time then the subordinates are given reward for successfully completing the task. Subordinates are also given award and praised for exceeding expectations. A subordinate whose performance is below expectation is punished and some action is taken to increase his or her performance. Transactional leadership has more of a ‘telling style'. Transactional leadership is based on the fact that reward or punishment is dependent on the performance. Even though researchers have highlighted its limitations, transactional leadership is still used by many employers. More and more companies are adopting transactional leadership to increase the performance of its employees. This approach is prevalent in real workplace. The main limitation of this leadership is that it assumes that people are largely motivated by simple rewards. Under transactional leadership, employees can't do much to improve job satisfaction. Transaction leadership has been ineffective in providing skilled employees to their organization. This style of leadership is least interested in changing the work environment. Experts do not recommend this approach. Transactional leadership focuses more on management of punishments and rewards. [pic]Rate it:   up   down Transactional Leadership Disciplines ; Leadership ; Leadership styles ; Transactional Leadership Assumptions | Style | Discussion  | See also Assumptions People are motivated by reward and punishment. Social systems work best with a clear chain of command. When people have agreed to do a job, a part of the deal is that they cede all authority to their manager. The prime purpose of a subordinate is to do what their manager tells them to do. Style The transactional leader works through creating clear structures whereby it is clear what is required of their subordinates, and the rewards that they get for following orders. Punishments are not always mentioned, but they are also well-understood and formal systems of discipline are usually in place. The early stage of Transactional Leadership is in negotiating the contract whereby the subordinate is given a salary and other benefits, and the company (and by implication the subordinate's manager) gets authority over the subordinate. When the Transactional Leader allocates work to a subordinate, they are considered to be fully responsible for it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out. When things go wrong, then the subordinate is considered to be personally at fault, and is punished for their failure (just as they are rewarded for succeeding). The transactional leader often uses management by exception, working on the principle that if something is operating to defined (and hence expected) performance then it does not need attention. Exceptions to expectation require praise and reward for exceeding expectation, whilst some kind of corrective action is applied for performance below expectation. Whereas Transformational Leadership has more of a ‘selling' style, Transactional Leadership, once the contract is in place, takes a ‘telling' style. Discussion Transactional leadership is based in contingency, in that reward or punishment is contingent upon performance. Despite much research that highlights its limitations, Transactional Leadership is still a popular approach with many managers. Indeed, in the Leadership vs. Management spectrum, it is very much towards the management end of the scale. The main limitation is the assumption of ‘rational man', a person who is largely motivated by money and simple reward, and hence whose behavior is predictable. The underlying psychology is Behaviorism, including the Classical Conditioning of Pavlov and Skinner's Operant Conditioning. These theories are largely based on controlled laboratory experiments (often with animals) and ignore complex emotional factors and social values. In practice, there is sufficient truth in Behaviorism to sustain Transactional approaches. This is reinforced by the supply-and-demand situation of much employment, coupled with the effects of deeper needs, as in Maslow's Hierarchy. When the demand for a skill outstrips the supply, then Transactional Leadership often is insufficient, and other approaches are more effective. See also Exchange principle, Transformational Leadership Transformational Leadership Disciplines > Leadership > Leadership styles > Transformational Leadership Assumptions | Style | Discussion  | See also Assumptions People will follow a person who inspires them. A person with vision and passion can achieve great things. The way to get things done is by injecting enthusiasm and energy. Style Working for a Transformational Leader can be a wonderful and uplifting experience. They put passion and energy into everything. They care about you and want you to succeed. Developing the vision Transformational Leadership starts with the development of a vision, a view of the future that will excite and convert potential followers. This vision may be developed by the leader, by the senior team or may emerge from a broad series of discussions. The important factor is the leader buys into it, hook, line and sinker. Selling the vision The next step, which in fact never stops, is to constantly sell the vision. This takes energy and commitment, as few people will immediately buy into a radical vision, and some will join the show much more slowly than others. The Transformational Leader thus takes every opportunity and will use whatever works to convince others to climb on board the bandwagon. In order to create followers, the Transformational Leader has to be very careful in creating trust, and their personal integrity is a critical part of the package that they are selling. In effect, they are selling themselves as well as the vision. Finding the way forwards In parallel with the selling activity is seeking the way forward. Some Transformational Leaders know the way, and simply want others to follow them. Others do not have a ready strategy, but will happily lead the exploration of possible routes to the promised land. The route forwards may not be obvious and may not be plotted in details, but with a clear vision, the direction will always be known. Thus finding the way forward can be an ongoing process of course correction, and the Transformational Leader will accept that there will be failures and blind canyons along the way. As long as they feel progress is being made, they will be happy. Leading the charge The final stage is to remain up-front and central during the action. Transformational Leaders are always visible and will stand up to be counted rather than hide behind their troops. They show by their attitudes and actions how everyone else should behave. They also make continued efforts to motivate and rally their followers, constantly doing the rounds, listening, soothing and enthusing. It is their unswerving commitment as much as anything else that keeps people going, particularly through the darker times when some may question whether the vision can ever be achieved. If the people do not believe that they can succeed, then their efforts will flag. The Transformational Leader seeks to infect and reinfect their followers with a high level of commitment to the vision. One of the methods the Transformational Leader uses to sustain motivation is in the use of ceremonies, rituals and other cultural symbolism. Small changes get big hurrahs, pumping up their significance as indicators of real progress. Overall, they balance their attention between action that creates progress and the mental state of their followers. Perhaps more than other approaches, they are people-oriented and believe that success comes first and last through deep and sustained commitment. Discussion Whilst the Transformational Leader seeks overtly to transform the organization, there is also a tacit promise to followers that they also will be transformed in some way, perhaps to be more like this amazing leader. In some respects, then, the followers are the product of the transformation. Transformational Leaders are often charismatic, but are not as narcissistic as pure Charismatic Leaders, who succeed through a belief in themselves rather than a belief in others. One of the traps of Transformational Leadership is that passion and confidence can easily be mistaken for truth and reality. Whilst it is true that great things have been achieved through enthusiastic leadership, it is also true that many passionate people have led the charge right over the cliff and into a bottomless chasm. Just because someone believes they are right, it does not mean they are right. Paradoxically, the energy that gets people going can also cause them to give up. Transformational Leaders often have large amounts of enthusiasm which, if relentlessly applied, can wear out their followers. Transformational Leaders also tend to see the big picture, but not the details, where the devil often lurks. If they do not have people to take care of this level of information, then they are usually doomed to fail. Finally, Transformational Leaders, by definition, seek to transform. When the organization does not need transforming and people are happy as they are, then such a leader will be frustrated. Like wartime leaders, however, given the right situation they come into their own and can be personally responsible for saving entire companies. See also Appeal principle, Bonding principle, Confidence principle, Pull, The Leadership Challenge Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectation. New York: Free Press. Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, (Winter): 19-31. Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row

Eleanor Roosevelt s Universal Declaration Of Human Rights

Eleanor Roosevelt was born in 1884, the niece of Theodore Roosevelt. By the age of 10, she was orphaned and at 14, went to a boarding school that taught women’s rights. She married Franklin D. Roosevelt and had six children with him. Even though she was busy, she worked for the American Red Cross during World War I. After her husband became paralyzed, she encouraged him to continue in politics and he became the President of the United States. Since he was unable to get around, she became his eyes and ears around the country. Instead of being satisfied doing little, as First Ladies before her, she became an outspoken leader who used mass media to drive her point home to everyone in America. She spoke out against racism while speaking out for women’s rights and equality for all. After F.D.R. died, she was asked to take a position in the United Nations where she was active in writing and passing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (Biography.com Editors) Frank lin D. Roosevelt took over presidency in 1933-1945 during the Great Depression and World War II. At this time, Americans did not want refugees to be allowed into the country because of the fear they would take the limited resources available. The immigration total for Germans capped at 27,370 while over 300,000 Germans requested Visas with the majority of these people being Jewish refugees. On the verge of war in Europe, May 1939, the S.S. St. Louis left Germany for America. Most passengers on board hadShow MoreRelatedThe Struggle For Human Rights1447 Words   |  6 PagesCertain speeches from great people have made huge impacts, but â€Å"The Struggle for Human Rights† from Eleanor Roosevelt persuades the entire globe on humans’ rights, freedom, respect and peace. I read her text and saw a video on YouTube giving her speech even though it was long it gathered a lot my attention. It took me time to understand her speech after reading it three times. 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Eleanor then moved to England where she attended a private school, there she had a feministRead MoreEleanor Roosevelt s Life Of Wealth And Privilege1410 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Plain, ordinary Mrs. Roosevelt† Eleanor Roosevelt was born in 1884 in New York City to socialites Elliot Bulloch Roosevelt and Anna Rebecca Hall. She was born into a world of immense wealth and privilege that she didn’t really fit into or understand. Her mother died in 1892 and after a long battle with alcoholism, her father leapt to his death from a sanitarium window in 1894. After so much death at a young age, Eleanor was prone to bouts of melancholy and depression throughout her life. AfterRead More Eleanor Roosevelt Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pages Although Eleanor Roosevelt served as first lady from 1932 to 1945, her influence lasted much longer than expected. Eleanor became her husband’s ears and eyes during her husband’s presidency and aided human rights during her entire life. 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Differences Between Male And Female Adolescents - 1130 Words

Adolescents Development Case Study Louise Wright PSY/600 November 16, 2015 Tera Duncan Adolescents Development Case Study Compare similarities and differences between male and female adolescents: Valuable similarities between male and female are any expressive problems that familiarity from preadolescents and adolescents in developing a logical thinking of adult problems in their diversity. Although, capacities in both sexes surpass of social and emotional, are probable to be obvious. The bodily aspects of adolescence involve common growth and, definitely, sexual developing. Both sexes experience the same developing subordinate sexual individualities of adults, and will receive a collective increase that shift in interest in family involvement to subculture. Changes are characteristic of male and female adolescence mean the state of becoming an adult, which allow both genders to charter the anatomy and practices of the adult of each sexual role. 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Genocide A Historical Perspective Essay - 1462 Words

According to Dictionary.com Genocide is the â€Å"deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.† A few notable examples of genocide would be the War in Darfur, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Holocaust which are all among some of the worst genocides of the 20th century. The situation in Darfur is in part still going on today, while the Holocaust and Rwandan genocide are now a serious part of our world’s history. Each of these three genocides occurred due to political powers spinning out of control, and resulting in mass killings of those that the leaders did not favor. Although it seems that genocide is a part of history and it is put in the back of everyone’s minds, genocide does still exist today†¦show more content†¦The Janjaweed patrol the camps and men are killed and women are raped if they wander off in search of firewood or other needed supplies (â€Å"QA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) Many activists refer to the crisis in Darfur as genocide, including the Save Darfur Coalition and the Genocide Intervention Network, though some argue that there is a lack of evidence in pointing to genocide. However the topic could no longer be debated when on 14 July 2008, prosecutors at the International Criminal Court (ICC), filed ten charges of war crimes against Sudans President Omar al-Bashir, three counts of genocide, five of crimes against humanity and two of murder. The ICCs prosecutors have claimed that al-Bashir masterminded and implemented a plan to destroy in substantial part three tribal groups in Darfur because of their ethnicity. It has been seven years since the genocide in Darfur began; over 2.7 million people have been displaced, or killed due to the genocide that takes place in Darfur (â€Å"QA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). In 1994 between the months of April and June approximately 800,000 Tutsis were killed in Rwanda. That is a systematic killing brought out majorly by the H utus. The genocide was started when the death of the Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu occurred. The president’s plane was shot down above Kigali airport on 6 April 1994. The Hutus pointed their fingers to the Tutsis and deemed them responsible for this attack, though it is believed by the Tutsis that it was a Hutu extremist. AfterShow MoreRelatedThe Measure Of The Impact Of The Genocide1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe measure of the impact of the genocide is an often-touched upon subject in both books. 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Watch your neighborsRead MoreThe Language of Prejudice and Historical Perspective1267 Words   |  3 PagesLanguage of Prejudice and Historical Perspective Can you imagine living in a world, in which we judge people by the labels that are branded onto their head at the instantaneous moment of birth? According to Gordon Allport, in â€Å"The Language of Prejudice†, he believes that â€Å"Without words we should scarcely be able to form categories at all† (217). This statement is valid, because today historical events such as the Rwanda genocide have been labeled as a category of â€Å"genocide†. And because of this categorizationRead MoreWe Have NOT Done Enough to Respond to the Legacies of Historical Globalization879 Words   |  4 Pagesresponded to the legacies of historical globalization, yet it hasn’t done quite enough to satisfy the concerned and affected. I would have to disagree to this statement, there are still some problems I believe needing to be addressed. 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Persia Woolley addresses this idea in his piece about how to write historical fiction and looks at what makes some stories more powerful than others. Each author is different in how they balance the historyRead MoreCultural Crimes : Home Invasion And Identity Theft1213 Words   |  5 PagesIndigenous Canadians and other Canadian identities we must first have a basic understanding of this relationship throughout history. The knowledge of behaviours and conduct of historical Aboriginal and European settler relations is essential to a contemporary analy sis of current cultural genocide and identity theft. Historical colonial practices and attitudes deeply contribute to a severe loss of identity and livelihood for Aboriginal Canadians. These learned behaviours by non-Aborigines massivelyRead MoreThe Rwandan Conflict : Genocide Or War? International Journal On World Peace891 Words   |  4 PagesDominic. The 1994 Rwandan Conflict: Genocide or War? International Journal on World Peace. Vol XXX No. 3(2013). 31-54. Print. The Article by Olaifa and Dominic, provides background and general information about the Rwandan Conflict of 1994 which relates to the concept of genocide and is to determine its relationship with war as a concept. The authors present an investigation of the reasons of Rwandan tragedy and justifies the difference between concepts of war and genocide by explaining their deep definitionsRead MoreCase Study: Rwanda Genocide Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study: Rwanda The conflict in Rwanda is probably the most well known and documented case of genocide since the holocaust. Through years of discrimination based on ethnic and class based differences, the population of Rwanda has been constantly entrenched in periods of fighting, refuge and genocide. In the following essay we will explore the background of the conflict. Specifically the historical implications, the parties involved the reasons for the fighting and the result of conflict. Next

Marketing Plan Product

Question: Write an essay on marketing plan to launch a new product for Oxfam shop. Answer: The primary aim of the report is to develop a marketing plan to launch a new product for Oxfam shop. The report firstly forms a situation analysis of the firm and the product to understand the external and internal factors that affect the marketing of the product. Pestle analysis is used to analyse the macro environmental factors affecting the product. The goals and objectives f the firm is set by using the four Ps of the marketing mix strategy that is place, product, promotion and price. The marketing plan further consists of competitor analysis and Swot analysis to understand and examine the strengths and weaknesses of the firm or the product. The main objective of the marketing plan is to launch a new product for Oxfam shop in the market of Australia. It is also very important to understand the market segmentation and its customer target before launching any new product in the market. Marketing is the activity of the company that involves buying and selling of the product through advertising, promotion and delivery. The success of the company and the product greatly depends on the marketing strategies and plan that the company formulates. Oxfam shop is a non profit organization that aims at social welfare maximization. Its main aim is to provide the goods to the customers that are eco friendly in nature. It mainly produces the gift items from the recycled products to utilize the scarce products to the fullest without harming the environment. The Oxfam shop plans to launch a pencil case made out of cotton clothes and recycled. So the main aim of the report is to formulate a marketing plan to promote and sell the product launched by the company (Hollensen 2015). Overview of the company: Oxfam shop in Australia is the subsidiary unit of Oxfam shop. It is an independent and secular non profit organization that is based for the community development. Its main aim is social welfare maximization. The founder of the firm is Gerard Tucker and it was founded in the year 1953. The CEO of the company is Helen Szoke and its parent organization is Oxfam. It operates in a highly competitive retail market of Australia. The shop is registered as a Fair Trade Organization that aims at providing the services and products to the disadvantaged group of people at fair prices. The company is also involved in selling its product online or through direct mail. The company is involved in producing and providing many products at fair prices that includes food items, gifts and toys, art and crafts and cloths and many other products. Many small retailers purchases the products from theses shops at fair price to sell them. The company faces many challenges as it has many competitors in the mar ket. So in this globalised proper formation of marketing strategies is essential in order to survive specially for launching the new products. The company has launched many new products recently such as neon bracelets, gift items, scarf's and leather diaries (Oxfam shop 2016). Situational analysis: There are many factors internal and external factors that affect the industry and its products in the market. The situational analysis can be conducted by using pestel analysis. The macro environment factors are uncontrollable by the organization. Pestel analysis: Pestel analysis is the component of strategic market planning that is used to analyze and examine the external factors affecting business or the market of the company. It is a framework of macro environmental factors that affects the brand and the product in the market. Pestel as the name suggests includes four factors such as political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors (Team 2013). Political factors: the political factors affecting Oxfam in the business are the sex discrimination act, disability discrimination act and the national minimum wage act. Many government activities affects the working of the company such as tax policies, funding and other environmental laws. Since Australia is politically stable the government activities and political factors does not affect the business (Wells 2015). Economic factors: factors such as economic growth, interest rate, market size, tariffs and trade restrictions and inflation rate greatly affects the business specially during the time of product launch. If the inflation is high in the economy them people will have less money to purchase the product so the demand for the product will be low. Since the Oxfam shop is non profit organizations it success greatly depends on the growth of the economy. The position that the company hold also determines its activities. The salary of the donors are affected by the economic conditions of the county (Wells 2015). Social factors: social factors such as lifestyle of people. Behaviour, demography, age, sex, tastes and preferences and career attitudes also affects the business. The working of the firm greatly depends on the type of people that stays in the society. Since Oxfam is a charitable shop there are many social obligations that the company will have to face. Since the working of the non profit organization is determined by the availability of the donors in the market the company has to keep in mind the external factors while launching a product (Wells 2015). Technological factors: technological factors also affects the production of various goods and services in market. Research and development, proper utilisation of resources, technology and other aspects affects the market for the product. Oxfam's indulge in producing goods using eco friendly techniques. It mostly utilizes the waste products to create a innovative product and make it available to consumers at free price (Wells 2015). Legal factors: political and legal factors also affect the business and it varies from country to country. These includes the discrimination laws, consumer laws and employment laws (Wells 2015). Environmental factors: weather, climate, tourism and other environmental factors affects the working of the product. The main aim of the company is to generate the best product out of waste and eradicate poverty (Wells 2015). Competitor analysis: The major threat of any corporate house in the world is from its competitors. It is very essential for the businesses in the market to analyze the number of competitors it has in the market and the strategies of its competitors. A market plan is formed keeping in mind the strategies of its competitors. Oxfam shop in Australia is a non profit organizations that operates in a very competitive retail market. The company aims to eradicate poverty around the world. It is an online retailer. Many online sites have come up recently that gives the customers an option to purchase product. The major competitors of the company are Amazon, eBay, Hive, Flipkart, Amnesty international Australia and Australian conservative foundation. Before launching its new product it is essential for the company to know the strategy of its rival firm as in what prices are they charging for the goods, the process and operation that they use in their industries and the cost at which it is operating. Oxfam is faces competition from cheap high street stores as well such as Primark. The strategy that will help the company to survive the competitor and its threat is to cut the prices of theory products and give valuable discounts and offers. The company needs to promote its products and causes and objectives in social media so that people are aware of the organization and the products that it sells. The organization also faces competitor from supermarkets such as Aldi. The number of donors donating various resources in the organization is falling down due to rise in the number of competitors and non government organizations in the market. The charity shops in Australia is facing high competition in the retail market in Australia (Upson et al. 2012). Market segmentation: Market segmentation is another marketing tool that is used to divide the major market into target group of customers. It helps the companies target those customers only whom they think will purchase the product and will be beneficial to the organization. The customers are divided into groups and sub groups on the basis of interests, common needs and strategy. It is the process of dividing and identifying the homogenous market into segments that have similar taste and preferences. There are mainly four factors that influence the segmentation of market that includes demographic, psychographic, geographic, and culture. Market segmentation is a tool used to analyze the customers. The main target of the Oxfam organization is the disadvantaged group of people who cannot afford the products at high prices . The organizations provides its customers with goods a cheap prices to eradicate poverty. It believes in equality. Oxfam targets the customers across all over the world so that to can col lect as much charity it can so that to can use for some good cause. For launching the cotton pencil cases it should mostly target on students across the world aged between eight to eighteen. Mostly female customers are interested in purchasing these products. The customers who are concerned of sustainability and believes in purchasing eco friendly products should be targeted. The main aim of the organization is to provide the products at fair prices so kits ain market segmentation consists of retailers who further plan to sell the product to earn profit. There are many benefits of knowing the target audience. Communicating becomes easier. The factors the influence the target audience are age, gender, income, types of products, lifestyle and culture. The target market of Oxfam organizations is people who live in poor conditions and is in need of help from all areas, religions and regions. The target market of the organization are also the people who love in injustice specially women and girls. It targets people who are price sensitive and is interested in purchasing whole range of products online from home decor to food items to handcrafts and toys for children (Solomon 2014). SWOT analysis: SWOT analysis is used to analyze and identify the Strengths, Weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company or the shop so that it can formulate the marketing plan accordingly. It is one of the essential tools of strategic planning. Oxfam is a non profit organizations so it has many strengths as well as weaknesses (Anheier 2014). Strengths: Oxfam is a company with clearly defined goals and values. The goals and objectives of the firm are well defined. The organization also has great brand loyalty and credibility across the globe. It also produces wide range of products. It provides the products that are the basic needs of the consumers. The online presence of the organization is good and it also has price advantage over its competitors. The main strength of the non profit organizations is that they are exempted from tax. The organization is well connected across the world which is the greatest strength of the company (Sargeant and Jay 2014). Weaknesses: the organization is only known for its non profit counterpart and it also has less brand recognition as online retailer. It also does not provide luxury products. It has less global presence as a retail store. Most of the non profit organizations cannot cover up the cost due to which it has to face loss (Sargeant and Jay 2014). Opportunities: the organizations should realize the opportunities that it faces and then formulate the strategies accordingly. The organization is more into advertising. It needs to communicate with its target audience thorough promotional activities (Sargeant and Jay 2014). Threats: the main threats of Oxfam is from its competitors and volunteers. It has lack of volunteer and employee commitment. Lack of client motivation is also one of the weaknesses that the organization has. The competitors provide quality products that the company is not able to provide (Sargeant and Jay 2014). Objectives and goals The main aim of the organizations is to sell the product to raise fund to eradicate poverty. It aims at providing the products to the disadvantaged and poor section of the society at fair prices. The main aim of launching cotton pencil case is to utilize the countries resources and recycle it. The organization is a non profit organization that aims at maximizing the social welfare and gender equality. It produces the products to raise funds for the charity purpose. It is an online retail shop providing products at fair trade price. SMART analysis is a marketing tool used to set the goals and objectives of the firm using certain criteria and condition. Smart goals are developed on the criteria that it is specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time bound (Jobber and Ellis 2012). Marketing mix: Marketing mix is a tool used by the marketers to for a strategy for marketing. It is often comprised of four Ps that is price, product, place and promotion. Products: products are the goods that the organizations provide on the demand of consumer to satisfy the needs of the consumers. Oxfam provides many products from range of household decor to foods to toys to gift items. The main aim of the organization while launching new products should be to produce at a minimum cost and it should also be of great quality. The product that the organization is planning to launch a cotton pencil case (The Marketing Mix 2015). Price: it refers to the value that is placed on the product provided by the organization. The main aim of the organization is to provide the product to its customers at fair price. The price of the product depends on the cost of production of goods, various economic factors like demand and supply and pricing strategies. The main aim of the organization is to provide the products to its customer at minimum price (The Marketing Mix 2015). Place: Place is the point of sale. The Oxfam organization is situated in many place. The Oxfam shop in Australia targets the local people of Australia to sell its products. Place is also sometimes referred to as distribution stage and is greatly influenced by the geographical factors and location (The Marketing Mix 2015). Promotion: promotion is the way of marketing the product. There are various ways that the organization can use to promote its products such as social media, digital marketing. Direct sale, mail and others. The organizations should aim at promoting its product in social media to increase its sale. When the company launches a new product advertising it in the market and to its target audience is very essential. Marketing mix plays a very important role as all the elements influence each other. It is a tool used to formulate marketing strategy (The Marketing Mix 2015). Conclusion: Marketing is the tool to sell its products to target audience. The author analyzes the marketing strategy for Oxfam organization a non profit organization in Australia that aims at eradicating poverty and providing the products at fair price to the disadvantaged section of society. It believes in equality and targets the people who cannot afford to buy expensive goods. The organization provides basic consumer needs. References: Jobber, D. and Ellis-Chadwick, F., 2012.Principles and practice of marketing(No. 7th). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Hartley, R.F. and Claycomb, C., 2013.Marketing mistakes and successes. Wiley. Wells, J., 2015. Foreign aid and its importance in relieving poverty.Geodate,28(3), p.5. Winton, T., 2013. The C word: Some thoughts about class in Australia.Monthly, The, (Dec 2013), p.24. Team, F.M.E., 2013. PESTLE Analysis. Strategy Skills. Dckel, J.A. and Ligthelm, A.A., 2015. Factors responsible for the growth of small business.South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences,8(1), pp.54-62. Sargeant, A. and Jay, E., 2014.Fundraising management: analysis, planning and practice. Routledge. Anheier, H.K., 2014.Nonprofit organizations: Theory, management, policy. Routledge. Berman, E., 2015.Performance and productivity in public and nonprofit organizations. Routledge. Upson, J.W., Ketchen, D.J., Connelly, B.L. and Ranft, A.L., 2012. Competitor analysis and foothold moves.Academy of Management Journal,55(1), pp.93-110. Yu, C.L., Wang, F. and Brouthers, K.D., 2015. Competitor identification, perceived environmental uncertainty, and firm performance.Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration. Pavlou, P.A. and Stewart, D.W., 2015. Interactive Advertising: A New Conceptual Framework Towards Integrating Elements of the Marketing Mix. InNew Meanings for Marketing in a New Millennium(pp. 218-222). Springer International Publishing. Gordon, R., 2012. Re-thinking and re-tooling the social marketing mix.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),20(2), pp.122-126. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: buying, having, and being. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Australia, O. (2016).Oxfam Shop | Oxfam Australia. [online] Oxfam Australia. Available at: https://www.oxfam.org.au/oxfam-shop/ [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Australia, O. (2016).The response to Behind the Brands so far | Oxfam Australia. [online] Oxfam Australia. Available at: https://www.oxfam.org.au/2013/03/the-response-to-behind-the-brands-so-far/ [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Learnmarketing.net. (2016).SMART Objectives. [online] Available at: https://www.learnmarketing.net/smart.htm [Accessed 19 May 2016]. MBA Skool-Study.Learn.Share. (2016).Oxfam Shop | SWOT Analysis | USP Competitors | BrandGuide | MBA Skool-Study.Learn.Share.. [online] Available at: https://www.mbaskool.com/brandguide/lifestyle-and-retail/14000-oxfam-shop.html [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Oxfam Trailwalker Australia. (2011).Fundraising Resources | Oxfam Trailwalker Australia. [online] Available at: https://trailwalker.oxfam.org.au/fundraising/resources/ [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Team, U. and profile, V. (2011).Underground Water Project: PESTLE Analysis. [online] Undergroundwaterproject.blogspot.in. Available at: https://undergroundwaterproject.blogspot.in/2011/03/pestle-analysis.html [Accessed 19 May 2016]. The Marketing Mix. (2015).Marketing Mix Definition - 4Ps 7Ps of the Marketing Mix. [online] Available at: https://marketingmix.co.uk/ [Accessed 19 May 2016]. Tinobusiness.com. (2016).2+1 Making a Good Market Segmentation | Business and Marketing Tips and Tricks | tinobusiness. [online] Available at: https://tinobusiness.com/21-making-a-good-market-segmentation/ [Accessed 19 May 2016].

Midsummer Nights Dream

In connection to gender roles as portrayed in the Elizabethan culture, women had no power to do as they pleased. Power over a woman shifted hands from the father to the husband upon marriage, such that, women were not to do anything out of their own will but rather out of obedience and total submissiveness to their fathers and husbands. The feminine power was always been under men and therefore freedom of expression was limited.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Midsummer Night’s Dream specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The patriarchal rule is put to test by Hermia going against her father’s wish of marrying Demetrius. Instead she chooses to marry Lysander, the man who she loves and this shows how she has propagating feminism by wanting her views to be considered and even tests the tradition and law by questioning that which will happen to her if she does not obey her father’s wish of marrying De metrius (Dusinberre 24). Considering the Elizabethan times much was expected from women in terms of respect and submissiveness to the men in that society, such that a daughter going to an extent of going against a fathers choice of a partner to whom she was to get married to was an abomination of the highest order deserving the worst of all punishments. Women were allowed no voice at all in matters that concerned them and this unfair treatment rendered them helpless and tortured in all aspects for lack of attention in issues that affected them. They were always beaten to submission and therefore any form of disrespect could render them a severe punishment. The feminism theory propagates gender equality, advocates for the rights of women in making their own independent decisions, promoting women’s rights and interests. In Midsummer Night’s dream, Hermia is a perfect example of a woman who wants to do things her own way by wanting to get married to the man she has chosen and not the one chosen for her by her father. She even questions what will happen if she does not get married to Demetrius (Dusinberre 31), this therefore shows a woman who is questioning what is considered tradition because she believes that freedom from a repressive tradition is paramount. The father is the one to choose a husband for her daughter something that Hermia does not see as practical and that is why she is ready to go against the common norm. In this context therefore, men are seen to be treating women as objects and not human beings with feelings, likes and dislikes and this is why they want women to do what they want them do without question but Hermia rises up to challenge this belief.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hermia is a strong willed and intelligent woman who defies her culture, the Athenian Law and even Theseus, the Duke of Athens to fight for the l ove of her life. In exchange for the comfort of her land where she has grown up in and family, she is ready to forsake all that and elope to distant lands which she knows nothing about in order to get her love Lysander by her side (Dusinberre 183). This depicts her as an admirable character and very independent minded besides being determined, attributes that feminists advocate for. She is not ready to stoop low to laws that are not going to bring her the happiness she wants in life and therefore crediting her aspects of the strength of a woman. She is not allowing herself to be treated in a manner suggesting that she has no brains and willingness to do as she pleases. Stepping up and showing the determination to do as she pleases unlike other women for instance Helena who is acting desperate for the love of a man brings hope for the independence of women in the Elizabethan era and not only then but as it has been shown in the generations that followed to the present day. Women in t he society of A Midsummer Night’s Dream are threatened with death incase they don’t obey that which they are told by the men in their lives, be it their fathers, brothers, husbands and even the law. Hernia is taken to the king and is threatened with death by her father if she is not going to take up Demetrius as a husband. She is threatened with the life of a spinster by the Duke of Athens (Dusinberre 283). This gives the insight on the extent to which punishment would be inflicted on a disobeying woman, by her father and the set out law that is to guard its citizens. Even in the face of this; Hernia is fearless and is ready to die for her right to be happy with the man of her choice and not the one that her father chooses for her. She is ready to give up everything just for the sake of her freedom. This scene creates an impression of how repressive the system was and a determination by her to get out. Hermia seeks to fill the gap of the status quo between men and wome n of that time. This is depicted in her so to say tough headedness, by saying; this is an indicator showing feminine strength. One could have thought that with the threats on her she could have changed her stand but no, even with the option of joining a nunnery if she is not to go by her father’s wish of a husband. Hermia and Lysander decide to meet in the woods (Dusinberre 315), ignoring what could have come up about promiscuity because in fact they are an unmarried couple. In the past in a case of promiscuity among unmarried people, it was always the norm that a woman in that case was to be blamed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Midsummer Night’s Dream specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More But with Hermia she does not seem to care about what rumors people might say about her being in the woods with Lysander, instead she is a brave woman who is ready to do what she thinks is good for ignoring what oth ers might say, with of course a clear determination of doing as she pleases as long as she does not hurt herself and no one in particular. Some characters like Helena are annoyingly submissive and easy going; they are a mockery to the entire womenfolk. The strength that should be portrayed in the women of the play should be seen as that of liberating women from the ties of helplessness. Shakespeare creates Hernia as a woman with that strength that is the voice to reckon with in trying to achieve the liberty with which women are to be empowered. Her position in the play is that of a liberator because she is using her tool of words to air her feelings without fear, a character that is displayed in feminism as a tool to be used to achieve gender equity (Dusinberre 98). Being in a position to speak her heart out and go against the norm is a plus to her in the struggle to liberate women in that society. The quality to question tradition and stand up to a king and speak her mind is quite impressive. Because Hermia fights for the freedom of women, in both mind and soul, she respects the fact that Demetrius is in love with her friend Helena who she sees as a sister, such that Lysander acknowledges that fact to the king. Respect among fellow women and their feelings can be seen through Hermia, who even goes on to tell Helena of her plan to elope with Lysander, so that she can give her room to get together with Demetrius (Dusinberre 18), Hermia is ready to make a sacrifice to leave for a land she knows nothing about, she sacrifices her life for the sake of a friend and fears no one. Such a sacrifice is an indicator of a freedom fighter. Her friend’s happiness matters so much such that she fights for her own liberation and that of others who are repressed by the laws of the land. Having the zeal and determination to do that is enough proof that she is a feminist fighting for the rights of all women of the Elizabethan times. In the woods both men under the love spe ll of Oberon, fall in love with Helena, Hermia does not consider it love lost. All the four lovers are not aware of what is going on between them which is of course caused by Puck’s confusion.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hermia is saddened by the turn of events but by the time the spell put upon Lysander and Demetrius gets finished, we see Lysander and Hermia get back together. Hermia gets relieved and finally sees light at the end of the tunnel because she has the man that she has fought for by her side, the ability to take the reigning circumstances and she is not discouraged by the challenges of the time. It is obvious that in life good times are faced with bad times, that it happens once in a while when someone is faced with challenges, but it is the same challenges that help build us, thus in the case of Hermia, she is not stopped from getting what she wants by the hard times that face her for at the end she comes out triumphant because she gets married to the man she has always loved (Dusinberre 102). Breaking free from patriarchal rule was the main reason as to why the feminism movement came up; therefore Shakespeare might have created Hermia as a voice through which he was sending a message of hope and restoration to women. The battle of the sexes is seen at play in the play and in the end despite the challenges met on the way; Hermia ends up with Lysander and not Demetrius. Feminism triumphs because with the fight for respect for her feelings, Hermia gets what she wants (Dusinberre 162) Hernia brings to light a new era where women are reborn and are breaking free from the bonds of inferiority and bringing them to a level ground with their male counterparts. The duke told Hermia that her father was to be seen as a god, this was to call for total submission to him, but she raises up against all odds, even defying her own father to define her position in society and liberate other women like Helen. The forceful bond of male dominance is put to challenge and independence of women breaking loose from a suppressive era of superior male is brought out by Shakespeare. Works Cited Dusinberre, Juliet. Shakespeare and the Nature of Women.3rd Ed. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 This essay on Midsummer Night’s Dream was written and submitted by user Amel1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Midsummer Night's Dream